What Does Vulvar Inflammation Look Like?

Vulvar inflammation, medically known as vulvitis, refers to the swelling, redness, and irritation of the vulva. 

Vulvitis isn’t a disease in itself, but rather a symptom of various factors like infections, allergies, skin disorders, or irritants. It's important to understand what vulvar inflammation looks like, what causes it, and when to seek help for maintaining good health and well-being. 

Below, we look at the common causes of vulvar inflammation, the symptoms to watch out for, and when to see your healthcare provider.

What is the vulva?

Before diving into the specifics of vulvar inflammation, it’s essential to understand what the vulva is and its role in the female body. The vulva refers to the outer part of the female genitalia, including:  

• Mons pubis: The fatty tissue covering the pubic bone, often covered with pubic hair.
• Labia majora: The outer folds of skin that protect the internal genital structures. They are usually covered with pubic hair and contain sweat and sebaceous glands.
• Labia minora: The inner folds of skin that lie inside the labia majora. They are thinner, more delicate, and may vary in color and size among women.
• Clitoris: A small, sensitive organ located near the top of the vulva, playing a key role in sexual pleasure.
• Urethral opening: The opening through which urine exits the body, located just below the clitoris.
• Vaginal opening: The entrance to the vagina, which leads to the internal reproductive organs.

Due to its exposed location and delicate tissues, the vulva can be prone to irritation and inflammation, leading to various uncomfortable symptoms.

Many people colloquially call the vulva “vagina” (which is the internal canal that connects the vaginal opening to the cervix), but it’s really important to distinguish the two. 

Vulvitis refers to inflammation of the vulva specifically. When the inflammation affects the vagina too, it’s called vulvovaginitis. Knowing how to recognize the symptoms — and where you’re experiencing them — helps your doctor diagnose the issue faster, and find the appropriate treatment.

What does vulvar inflammation look like?

Vulvar inflammation can manifest in several ways, and the appearance and sensation may vary depending on the underlying cause. 

Redness and swelling

A red or swollen vulva can be a sign of inflammation. The swelling can cause the area to feel tender and sensitive to touch, making everyday activities like walking or sitting uncomfortable.

Abnormal discharge

While vaginal discharge is normal, changes in the color, consistency, or smell of the discharge can indicate underlying infections causing vulvar inflammation. For example, a thick, white discharge may suggest a yeast infection, while a grayish discharge with a fishy odor may indicate bacterial vaginosis.

Dryness and cracking

The skin on the vulva may become dry and cracked, especially in cases of chronic inflammation or certain skin conditions like eczema or lichen sclerosus. This can lead to discomfort and an increased risk of infections.

Sores or blisters

In some cases, vulvar inflammation may be accompanied by sores, blisters, or ulcers. These can be painful and are often associated with infections like herpes or autoimmune conditions like lichen planus.

Vulvar irritation can cause other symptoms that aren't visible, including:

Pain and discomfort

Vulvar pain is another common symptom of vulvar inflammation. This pain may be constant or occur during specific activities, such as peeing, having sex, or physical exertion. The discomfort can range from mild to severe, depending on the cause and extent of the inflammation.

Itching and irritation

Itching is one of the most common symptoms of vulvar inflammation. The itch may be localized to a specific area or more widespread, and it can be persistent or come and go. Scratching the itch can worsen the irritation, leading to further inflammation.

Burning 

A burning sensation, especially during urination or after exposure to irritants, can be a sign of vulvar inflammation. This symptom is often associated with infections, allergic reactions, or physical trauma.

Common causes of vulvar inflammation

Understanding the common causes of vulvar inflammation can help in identifying potential triggers and taking preventive measures. Below are some of the most frequent causes:

Infections

Infections are one of the leading causes of vulvar inflammation. These can be caused by bacteria, fungi, viruses, or parasites, and often require medical treatment.

• Yeast infections (vulvovaginal candidiasis): A yeast infection is caused by an overgrowth of the fungus Candida, which is normally present in small amounts in the vagina. Symptoms include intense itching, redness, vulvar and vaginal swelling, and a thick, white discharge that resembles cottage cheese.
• Bacterial vaginosis: BV is caused by a shift in the bacterial balance of the vaginal flora, leading to an overgrowth of harmful bacteria. This condition can cause vulvar inflammation, accompanied by a thin, gray discharge with a strong fishy odor.
• Aerobic vaginitis (AV): AV is a bacterial infection that causes vaginal inflammation and discomfort. Severe forms of AV are classed as desquamative inflammatory vaginitis (DIV), which can lead to inflammation often accompanied by pain and burning. 
• Cytolytic vaginosis (CV): CV is a condition that occurs when typically protective bacteria over-multiply and cause vaginal discomfort. It can cause itching or burning of the vagina and/or vulva, along with pain and abnormal discharge. 
• Sexually transmitted infections: Certain STIs, such as genital herpes, gonorrhea, and chlamydia, can cause vulvar inflammation. Herpes, for instance, may result in painful blisters or sores on the vulva, while gonorrhea and chlamydia might cause vulvar swelling, redness, and abnormal discharge.
• Urinary tract infections (UTIs): Although UTIs primarily affect the bladder and urethra, the inflammation can extend to the vulva, causing discomfort, redness, and irritation.

Vulvar dermatitis

The vulva’s delicate skin is highly sensitive to products and chemicals, making it prone to allergic reactions and irritation.

• Soaps and detergents: Harsh soaps, bubble baths, and certain laundry detergents can irritate the vulva, leading to redness, itching, and swelling.
• Feminine hygiene products: Products such as scented pads, tampons, douches, and wipes can cause allergic reactions in some women. The chemicals and fragrances used in these products can disrupt the natural pH balance, leading to irritation.
• Latex condoms: Some women may be allergic to latex, a material commonly used in condoms. This can result in vulvar inflammation, itching, and even blistering.
• Tight clothing and synthetic fabrics: Wearing tight clothing or underwear made of synthetic fabrics can trap moisture and heat, creating an environment conducive to irritation and infections. It’s advisable to opt for breathable, cotton underwear and avoid tight-fitting garments.

Skin conditions

Certain skin disorders can affect the vulva, causing inflammation and discomfort.

• Eczema: Eczema, also known as atopic dermatitis, can affect the vulva, leading to dry, itchy, and inflamed skin. Flare-ups can be triggered by stress, allergens, or irritants.
• Psoriasis: Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition characterized by the rapid buildup of skin cells, resulting in thick, scaly patches. When it affects the vulva, it can cause redness, irritation, and scaling.
• Lichen sclerosus: Lichen sclerosus is a rare but serious condition that affects the vulva, causing thin, scaly, white patches of skin that can become itchy, sore, and easily bruised. It requires medical attention to prevent complications.
• Lichen planus: Vulvar lichen planus is a chronic skin condition that causes inflammation and rash on the vulva and vagina. The most common symptom is a dry, itchy rash on the labia, clitoris or vaginal opening. 

Hormonal changes

Hormonal fluctuations can have a significant impact on vulvar health, leading to inflammation and discomfort.

• Menopause: During menopause, the decline in estrogen levels can cause the vulva and vaginal tissues to become thinner, drier, and more susceptible to irritation. Women may experience itching, burning, and discomfort.
• Pregnancy: Hormonal changes during pregnancy can increase the risk of vaginal infections, which can lead to vulvar inflammation. Additionally, increased blood flow to the pelvic area can cause the vulva to feel swollen or tender.
• Menstruation: Some women may experience vulvar discomfort and inflammation during their menstrual cycle. Chronic burning, itching, or stinging just before your period is known as cyclic vulvovaginitis. 

Physical trauma

Physical trauma to the vulva can result from various sources, leading to inflammation and discomfort.

• Sex: Vigorous sexual activity, especially if you’re not “wet” enough, can cause microtears in the vulvar tissue, leading to pain, swelling, and redness. Remember: lube is your friend!
• Childbirth: The trauma of childbirth can cause vulvar inflammation, especially if there has been tearing or an episiotomy (a surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during childbirth).
• Surgery: Surgical procedures involving the vulva or nearby areas can result in temporary inflammation and discomfort as the tissue heals.

When to see a healthcare provider

While some mild cases of vulvar inflammation may resolve on their own with proper care and avoidance of irritants, there are times when it’s essential to seek medical attention. It’s important to consult a healthcare provider if you experience any of the following:

• Persistent or severe symptoms: If your symptoms persist for more than a few days, are severe, or worsen over time, it’s crucial to see a healthcare provider. Persistent inflammation can lead to complications if left untreated.
• Painful sores or blisters: If you develop painful sores, blisters, or ulcers on the vulva, it’s important to seek medical attention. These symptoms could indicate a serious infection, such as herpes, or an autoimmune condition that requires treatment.
• Unusual discharge: If you notice a significant change in your vaginal discharge, such as a strong odor, unusual color, or different consistency (for example, if it’s frothy, watery, or cottage cheese-like), you should see a healthcare provider. These changes could indicate a yeast infection, BV, or a sexually transmitted infection.
• Difficulty peeing: If you experience pain, burning, or difficulty going to the bathroom, it could be a sign of a urinary tract infection or other condition affecting the vulva and surrounding areas. Seeking prompt medical attention can help prevent complications.
• Signs of an allergic reaction: If you suspect that your symptoms are due to an allergic reaction to a product or material, it’s important to discontinue use immediately and consult a healthcare professional. 
• Recurrent infections: If you experience recurrent infections, such as vaginal yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis, it’s essential to see a doctor. 
• Pelvic pain: Pain in your lower tummy or pelvis is a common symptom of different vaginal infections, STIs, or pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

FAQ

How do you treat vulvar inflammation?

Treating vulvar inflammation involves addressing the specific cause and symptoms. For infections like yeast infections, BV, or STIs, your doctor may prescribe antifungal or antibiotic medications. If vulvitis is due to an allergic reaction or irritants, it's helpful to avoid the triggers, use gentle products, and wear breathable cotton underwear. To tackle inflammation from skin conditions like eczema or lichen sclerosus, doctors may recommend corticosteroid creams or topical emollients. Maintaining good hygiene, using mild cleansers, and applying moisturizers to keep the vulvar area hydrated are also important. If symptoms don't improve, it's important to seek advice from a healthcare provider for a personalized treatment plan.

Does vulvitis go away on its own?

Vulvitis can sometimes go away on its own, especially if it's caused by a mild irritant or a temporary issue like friction from sexual activity. However, if the inflammation is due to an underlying infection, allergy, or skin condition, it typically requires treatment. Without addressing the cause, the inflammation may get worse, leading to further discomfort or complications. If symptoms of vulvitis last more than a few days or are severe, it's important to seek medical advice to ensure proper treatment and prevent long-term issues.

Is vulvitis an STD?

No, vulvitis is not a sexually transmitted disease (STD). Vulvitis is a medical term that refers to the inflammation of the vulva. It’s not a condition in itself, but rather a symptom of different conditions. 

Is vulvar inflammation normal? 

While relatively common (and often nothing too serious), vulvar inflammation is not considered "normal" in the sense that it typically indicates an underlying issue that needs to be addressed. Your vulva is pretty sensitive, so inflammation can pop up due to different reasons like infections, allergies, irritants, hormones, or skin conditions. It's common, but it usually means something's not quite right and needs to be looked into. If you find yourself dealing with persistent or repeating vulvar inflammation, it's a good idea to reach out to a healthcare provider. They can help figure out what's causing it and how best to treat it.

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